{"id":12603,"date":"2025-05-13T14:55:12","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T14:55:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/?p=12603"},"modified":"2025-05-22T07:45:06","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T07:45:06","slug":"the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/vi\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\/","title":{"rendered":"The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12603\" class=\"elementor elementor-12603\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-711faad elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"711faad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91a3e8e\" data-id=\"91a3e8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7169335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7169335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-300x169.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-12605\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/CODEL_A_Forbes_company_white.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dfdc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9dfdc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is in the air?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a09f44b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a09f44b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>PM10 \u2013 Dust, pollen<\/li><li>PM2.5 \u2013 Exhaust, combustion<\/li><li>PM1.0 \u2013 Ultrafine particles<\/li><\/ul><p>PM1.0 provides the biggest health risk due to having the deepest lung penetration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27b10da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"27b10da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where it comes from<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50d7299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50d7299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Combustion engines<\/li><li>Brake &amp; tire wear<\/li><li>Resuspended dust<\/li><li>Atmospheric reactions<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d795a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d795a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Who's at risk?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b620edf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b620edf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Tunnel Users<\/li><li>Tunnel workers<\/li><li>Pedestrians &amp; cyclists<\/li><li>Daily commuters<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2b9aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2b9aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why Monitoring Matters<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d6b57c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d6b57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Detect harmful PM levels in real time<\/li><li>Improve worker safety &amp; public health<\/li><li>Smarter ventilation and traffic control<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926125a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"926125a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Measurement Technologies and Strategies \n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5458f1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5458f1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Real-time measurement of particulate matter concentrations in road tunnels and underground railway structures is crucial for maintaining safe air quality. It enables compliance with occupational health standards such as OSHA and the EU Directive 2008\/50\/EC, supports the timely activation of ventilation or filtration systems, and informs decisions on traffic regulation or tunnel closure during pollution peaks. Additionally, this data is valuable for epidemiological studies and health risk assessments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-299f5c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"299f5c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Technologies commonly used include<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33cae82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33cae82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><p><strong>Optical Particle Counters (OPC):<\/strong> Estimate size and concentration based on light scattering.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><p><strong>Gravimetric Samplers:<\/strong> Measure mass concentration over a period.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><p><strong>Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM):<\/strong> Provide continuous measurements with high accuracy.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><p><strong>Laser-based LIDAR systems:<\/strong> Map particle concentrations spatially within<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0f44a0\" data-id=\"d0f44a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d699100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d699100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a01b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79a01b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Importance of Measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90029c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90029c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Human Health Aspect<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28770fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28770fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Particulate matter (PM) pollution in road tunnels poses a serious health risk due to limited ventilation and high vehicle traffic. Monitoring PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 in these enclosed spaces is essential to protect public health. Our research highlights the importance of real-time PM monitoring to reduce exposure risks, raise awareness, and create safer environments for everyone on the road.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afb593a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"afb593a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cleaner Air Starts Below Ground<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b24c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91b24c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Air pollution is a major global health concern, and particulate matter (PM) is one of its most dangerous elements. Road tunnels, with their enclosed design and heavy traffic, often trap high levels of PM &#8211; far more than what\u2019s found in open urban air. These particles, from vehicle emissions, brake wear, and dust, pose serious risks to both workers and the public, especially as tunnels increasingly welcome pedestrians and cyclists. Real-time PM monitoring in tunnels is a vital step toward safer, healthier environments underground.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117a1bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117a1bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources, Characteristics and Dangers of PM in tunnels<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd66a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fd66a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The composition and size distribution of PM in tunnels is influenced by multiple factors:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>Combustion Emissions: Diesel and gasoline engines emit fine and ultrafine particles, including soot and organic compounds.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Non-Exhaust Emissions: Mechanical wear from tires, brakes, and road surfaces contributes significantly to PM10 and PM2.5 fractions.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Resuspension: Vehicle-induced turbulence lifts settled dust back into the air.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Secondary Particulate Formation: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) can undergo chemical reactions to form secondary aerosols.<\/li><\/ul><p>PM1.0, in particular, is dominated by combustion-origin ultrafine particles, which are biologically more reactive and capable of deeper penetration into the human body.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b937d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b937d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Human Health Impacts of PM Exposure<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bee99a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bee99a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c6ace72 elementor-hidden-mobile\" data-id=\"c6ace72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c73397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4c73397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be02275 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"be02275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm10.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12607\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm10.png 668w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm10-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm10-9x12.png 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e5ad75\" data-id=\"0e5ad75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7caa5e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7caa5e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PM10<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cede45f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cede45f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Increased symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, the development of chronic bronchitis, and the aggravation of existing conditions like asthma. These effects can lead to a rise in hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, highlighting the serious impact of air pollution on public health.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce82530 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce82530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8621f71 elementor-hidden-mobile\" data-id=\"8621f71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffd3f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ffd3f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce180ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ce180ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"840\" src=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm25.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12608\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm25.png 964w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm25-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm25-768x717.png 768w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm25-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-80f3bd3\" data-id=\"80f3bd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45cdfda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45cdfda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PM2.5<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2143c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2143c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PM2.5 particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the alveolar region of the lungs, where they can cause significant health effects. These include inflammation of lung tissue, altered heart rate variability, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Prolonged exposure is also associated with the development of chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and over time, has been linked to a reduction in life expectancy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8766f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8c8766f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9c976a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9c976a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1ce8e7 elementor-hidden-mobile\" data-id=\"e1ce8e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5400f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e5400f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb82e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4fb82e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"879\" src=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12606\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm1.png 926w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm1-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm1-768x750.png 768w, https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/pm1-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ac862b\" data-id=\"1ac862b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9275e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9275e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PM1.0<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-508d514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"508d514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PM1.0, which consists mainly of ultrafine particles, is particularly concerning due to its ability to cross the alveolar-capillary barrier and enter the bloodstream. This enables it to cause a range of harmful effects, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, neuroinflammation, and potential links to neurodegenerative diseases. It has also been associated with endocrine disruption and adverse impacts on fetal development and birth weight. Emerging research indicates that PM1.0 may be significantly more toxic than larger particles, owing to its high surface area, chemical reactivity, and its capacity to carry harmful substances deep into body tissues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a01d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6a01d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5551bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5551bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Occupational and Public Exposure in Tunnels <\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e9f1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31e9f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunnel workers, such as maintenance staff and traffic operators, face increased health risks due to prolonged exposure to high levels of particulate matter. Commuters, cyclists, and pedestrians using tunnels also experience repeated low &#8211; to medium-level exposures. Personal exposure depends on factors like the duration of time spent in the tunnel, proximity to emission sources, tunnel design and ventilation, and the type and volume of traffic. Protective measures should prioritize vulnerable individuals, including children, the elderly, and those with preexisting health conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d959e4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d959e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e59a0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e59a0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Measuring PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 in tunnels is a public health imperative. Tunnels represent unique microenvironments where high PM concentrations converge with dense human exposure. By understanding the sources, behaviour, and health impacts of PM within these confined spaces, stakeholders can better protect both workers and the general population. Investing in robust monitoring and mitigation strategies not only enhances tunnel safety but contributes to broader urban air quality goals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is in the air? PM10 \u2013 Dust, pollen PM2.5 \u2013 Exhaust, combustion PM1.0 \u2013 Ultrafine particles PM1.0 provides the biggest health risk due to having the deepest lung penetration. Where it comes from Combustion engines Brake &amp; tire wear Resuspended dust Atmospheric reactions Who&#8217;s at risk? Tunnel Users Tunnel workers Pedestrians &amp; cyclists Daily &#8230; <a title=\"The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/vi\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\/\" aria-label=\"\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels\">\u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.7 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels - CODEL International LTD<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover why monitoring PM1.0 in tunnels is crucial for air quality, safety and regulatory compliance in road, rail and subway environments.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/vi\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover why monitoring PM1.0 in tunnels is crucial for air quality, safety and regulatory compliance in road, rail and subway environments.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/vi\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CODEL International LTD\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-05-13T14:55:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-22T07:45:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.codel.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Copy-of-TT-Blog-Thumbnail-6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"628\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sam Pursglove\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sam Pursglove\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sam Pursglove\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9731c5f8fdb96d405bf68916db9a62ef\"},\"headline\":\"The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-05-13T14:55:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-22T07:45:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":836,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/05\\\/Copy-of-TT-Blog-Thumbnail-6.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Uncategorized\"],\"inLanguage\":\"vi\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.codel.co.uk\\\/the-importance-of-measuring-pm1-0-pm2-5-and-pm10-in-tunnels\\\/\",\"name\":\"The importance of measuring PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in Tunnels - 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